WASHINGTON, D.C. — The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported a third human case of H5 bird flu in California, underscoring the risks of occupational exposure among dairy workers. This latest case, similar to the two previously confirmed instances in the state, involved a dairy worker who exhibited mild symptoms, specifically conjunctivitis. The affected individuals had exposure to infected dairy cows on separate farms, suggesting an animal-to-human transmission pathway, although no human-to-human transmission has been observed.
Despite the emergence of these cases, the CDC maintains that the overall risk to the general public remains low. In total, the United States has documented 18 human cases of H5 bird flu since 2022, 17 of which have occurred in 2024 alone. The CDC is currently processing two additional specimens from California to confirm their status.
Laboratory analyses of the first two California cases revealed the presence of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses, closely related to those found in the infected dairy cattle. Whole-genome sequencing of one case confirmed the B3.13 genotype. Notably, there were no detected genetic mutations that would enhance human-to-human transmission or resistance to antiviral treatments. The genetic data from these cases have been shared on GISAID and GenBank, with sequencing efforts underway for the third case.
The CDC advises the public to exercise caution by avoiding direct contact with sick or deceased animals and using personal protective equipment (PPE) when necessary. PPE should include items like N95 respirators, gloves, and safety goggles, especially when handling potentially infected animals or materials. The CDC also emphasizes the importance of cooking poultry, eggs, and beef to safe internal temperatures and opting for pasteurized milk products to mitigate infection risks.
For those in the agricultural sector, including farmers and poultry handlers, the CDC recommends stringent biosecurity measures and the use of PPE when dealing with animals or environments possibly contaminated with the H5N1 virus. Proper training on PPE usage and adherence to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines are critical for minimizing exposure risks.
Clinicians are urged to consider avian influenza A(H5N1) as a potential diagnosis for individuals presenting with acute respiratory symptoms and relevant exposure history. Prompt testing and isolation are advised for suspected cases, alongside empiric antiviral treatment where appropriate.
As the CDC continues to monitor the situation, these precautionary measures and guidelines aim to contain the spread of H5 bird flu and safeguard both public health and occupational safety.
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